Category: United Kingdom

Photo: Zekai Zhu / Pexels. Illustrative photograph.

The Highway Code for Great Britain has four short reversing rules (200 to 203). The two that learners most often miss: do not reverse from a side road into a main road, and you MUST NOT reverse further than necessary. There is no separate U-turn rule, but the Code says to turn round only in a safe place, avoid busy roads, and avoid U-turns at mini-roundabouts. This explainer covers what is law, what is advice, and how reversing is marked on the test.

The four reversing rules at a glance

Rule	What it says	Law or advice?
200	Choose a suitable place to manoeuvre. To turn round, wait for a safe place. Avoid reversing or turning on a busy road: use a quiet side road or drive round a block of side streets.	Advice
201	Do not reverse from a side road into a main road. On a driveway, reverse in and drive out if you can.	Advice
202	Check all mirrors and the blind spot behind you, and look for pedestrians (particularly children), cyclists, other road users and obstructions. Reverse slowly, looking mainly through the rear window. Remember the front swings out as you turn. Get someone to guide you if you cannot see clearly.	Advice
203	You MUST NOT reverse further than necessary.	Law (Construction and Use Regulations, reg 106)

Why you never reverse from a side road into a main road

Reversing out puts the back of the car, where your view is worst, into the faster traffic. The safe alternatives in Rule 200 are to turn round in a quiet side road or to drive round a block. The same logic is behind Rule 201’s advice for driveways: reverse in from the road, then drive out forwards, so you can see the pavement as you cross it.

When you do cross a pavement, Rule 206 says give way to pedestrians on it and to cyclists in a cycle lane or track. When reversing into a side road, look all round and give way to any pedestrians crossing.

A safe reversing checklist

1. Pick a place where reversing is safe and allowed, away from busy roads.
2. Check all mirrors, then look over your shoulder at the blind spot behind.
3. Look for pedestrians, especially small children who may be hidden behind the car.
4. Reverse slowly, looking mainly through the rear window.
5. Keep checking all round. Watch the front of the car as it swings out.
6. Stop if anyone approaches. Ask for help if you cannot see.
7. Reverse no further than you need to.

Parking cameras and sensors help, but they can miss low or narrow objects and show only part of the picture. Keep looking round the whole time the car is moving, not just once before you start, and pause to reassess if the view becomes unclear.

Reversing lights tell others “I intend to reverse”, but children may not understand them. See signalling correctly.

Are U-turns legal in the UK?

The Highway Code does not have a rule banning U-turns in general. The limits it and the traffic sign rules set are:

• “No U-turns” signs: these are signs giving orders, so you must obey them (Rule 109). See regulatory signs.
• Motorways: special regulations prohibit U-turns and reversing.
• Mini-roundabouts: Rule 188 says avoid U-turns at them, and be aware that others might do one. See mini and double roundabouts.
• Everywhere: Rule 200 says turn round only in a safe place and avoid busy roads.

Before a U-turn, use mirrors, look round for blind spots and only start when the road is clear in both directions. If the road is too narrow to turn in one sweep, a quiet side road or a drive round the block is usually the safer option.

Reversing on the driving test in Great Britain

You will be asked to do one reversing manoeuvre: a parallel park, a bay park, or pulling up on the right and reversing for about two car lengths. DVSA assesses control and all-round observation.

Manoeuvre	Faults DVSA lists
Reverse park (parallel or bay)	Repositioning often because of poor control; touching or driving over the pavement; weak observations; not finishing within the bay
Pull up on the right and reverse	Missing hazards or road users; relying only on mirrors; touching the pavement; misjudging oncoming traffic when crossing to the right; parking too far from the pavement

DVSA’s advice for the pull-up-on-the-right exercise is to read Rules 200 to 203. Step-by-step help: driving test manoeuvres explained.

Common questions

Is it illegal to reverse out of a side road onto a main road?

Rule 201 is worded as advice (“do not”) rather than a MUST rule. That does not make it safe: the Highway Code tells every driver not to do it, and Rule 203’s legal limit on reversing still applies.

How far can you legally reverse?

No set distance. Rule 203 says you MUST NOT reverse further than necessary.

Should I reverse into my driveway or drive in?

Rule 201 says reverse in and drive out if you can.

Can I rely on parking sensors and a reversing camera?

Not on their own. Rule 202 still asks you to check all round and look mainly through the rear window. On the test, relying only on mirrors is a listed fault for the reverse exercise.

Can I do a U-turn at a mini-roundabout?

Rule 188 says avoid U-turns at mini-roundabouts.

Is the turn in the road still on the test?

Not in Great Britain. The GB reversing exercises are the parallel park, bay park and pulling up on the right. Northern Ireland’s test differs: see driving test manoeuvres.

Back to the main guide: Learning to Drive in Great Britain. Related: mirror, signal, manoeuvre.

Sources

• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Using the road (159 to 203)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Road users requiring extra care (204 to 225)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Traffic signs” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “Know your traffic signs: Motorway signs, signals and road markings” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Signals to other road users” (gov.uk)
• DVSA, “Understanding your driving test result: Car driving test” (gov.uk)

Photo: Nik / Unsplash. Illustrative photograph.

Mirrors, Signal, Manoeuvre (MSM) is the routine the Highway Code for Great Britain tells you to use before any change of speed or direction (Rule 161). DVSA examiners extend it with Position, Speed, Look (PSL) inside the manoeuvre step. This guide covers Rules 159 to 161, how MSM works when moving off and changing lanes, and the mirror faults that cost learners their test.

Key facts

• Rule 161: use your mirrors in good time before you signal, change direction or change speed.
• Mirrors do not show everything. You must look round to check blind spots.
• DVSA examiner guidance expects the MSM/PSL routine at every junction or hazard.
• Checking mirrors after or at the same time as signalling is listed by DVSA as a fault.

The routine, step by step

Step	What you do
Mirrors	Check the interior mirror and the door mirror on the side you are moving to, early enough to judge the speed and position of traffic behind.
Signal	Signal if it would help or warn anyone, in good time and only once you know it will not mislead (Rule 103).
Manoeuvre: Position	Move to the right place on the road for what you are about to do.
Manoeuvre: Speed	Adjust your speed, and choose the gear, for the turn or hazard.
Manoeuvre: Look	Look ahead and around, including blind spots where needed, and decide whether to go, wait or stop.

DVSA’s examiner guidance (DT1, section 11) describes it in the same order: check mirrors to judge the speed and position of vehicles behind, signal clearly and early, then carry out the manoeuvre by positioning correctly and early, adjusting speed, and looking for other traffic before acting. Examiners expect this planned approach at every junction or hazard.

Moving off safely (Rule 159)

1. Use all your mirrors to check the road is clear.
2. Look round to check your blind spots, the areas you cannot see in the mirrors.
3. Signal if necessary before moving out.
4. Look round for a final check.
5. Move off only when it is safe.

Two habits make this routine work in practice:

• Get the car ready first. Seat, mirrors, seat belts and gear selection come before your final look, so that nothing pulls your eyes off the road between that look and moving.
• Keep the final check fresh. A gap you saw several seconds ago may have gone. Look for someone cycling up alongside or walking near the front of the car, not only approaching cars.

If the gap closes as you start, hold your position and wait for the next one. Having a gear selected is no reason to go.

Moving off on the test

DVSA assesses moving off from the kerb, on a slope, from behind a parked vehicle at an angle, and at junctions. Faults it lists: rolling back, not checking blind spots properly, moving into the path of oncoming traffic, and repeated stalling.

Once you are moving (Rule 160)

• Keep to the left unless signs or markings say otherwise, or you are overtaking, turning right or passing parked vehicles or pedestrians in the road.
• Keep well to the left on right-hand bends to improve your view.
• Keep both hands on the wheel where possible. Driver assistance systems may be used while you drive, but only as the manufacturer’s instructions describe.
• Watch for cyclists and motorcyclists filtering. They are harder to see than larger vehicles, so give them plenty of room. When you change direction or lane, give way to cyclists and do not cut across them.
• Choose a lower gear before a long downhill slope.
• When towing, remember the extra length affects overtaking and manoeuvring, and the extra weight affects braking and acceleration.

Changing lanes with MSM (Rule 133)

Check your mirrors. If needed, take a quick sideways glance to be sure you will not force another road user to change course or speed. Signal when it is safe, then move over when the lane is clear. On dual carriageways and roundabouts, changing lanes without checking mirrors effectively is one of DVSA’s listed faults. Lane choice itself is in lane discipline.

Worked example: turning left into a side road

1. Mirrors: interior and left door mirror, well before the junction. Is a cyclist coming up on your left?
2. Signal: left indicator, after any earlier side roads so it does not mislead.
3. Position: keep to the left, as close as is safe (Rule 183).
4. Speed: brake early, then select a suitable gear.
5. Look: into the side road for pedestrians crossing or waiting to cross. Give way to them (Rule 170 and Rule H2). Final check of the left mirror for cyclists, then turn.

Junction detail: road junctions explained.

Mirror faults the examiner marks

• checking mirrors after, or at the same time as, signalling
• changing lanes on a roundabout or dual carriageway without effective mirror checks
• pulling in without a signal when one was needed for traffic behind

DVSA’s fix: read Highway Code Rule 161 and practise MSM with your instructor. Ineffective mirror use features in DVSA’s top reasons for failing: see top reasons people fail and how faults are graded.

Common questions

What does MSM stand for in driving?

Mirrors, Signal, Manoeuvre. The Highway Code uses it throughout the “Using the road” section (Rule 161).

What is PSL?

Position, Speed, Look. DVSA uses it as part of the manoeuvre step of MSM when approaching junctions and hazards.

Do I have to signal every time I use MSM?

No. The signal step is for when a signal would help other road users. The mirror check is always needed.

Which mirrors should I check before turning left?

The interior mirror and the left door mirror, plus a look for cyclists coming up on your left. Rule 160 says give way to cyclists and do not cut across them.

Do I need to look over my shoulder when moving off?

Yes. Rule 159 says look round to check your blind spots, and again for a final check, before you move off.

Back to the main guide: Learning to Drive in Great Britain. Related: signalling correctly.

Sources

• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Using the road (159 to 203)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders (103 to 158)” (gov.uk)
• DVSA, “Understanding your driving test result: Car driving test” (gov.uk)
• DVSA, “Carrying out driving tests: examiner guidance (DT1), section 11: Guide to assessment and marking” (gov.uk)

Photo: Al Rashed / Pexels. Illustrative photograph.

Lane discipline in the Highway Code for Great Britain comes down to three habits: keep left unless overtaking or turning right, follow the lane markings, and change lanes only after checking mirrors and blind spots. Rules 127 to 143 cover road lines, hatched areas, reflective studs, dual carriageways, one-way streets, and bus, cycle and HOV lanes. This guide sets them out with the MUST rules flagged.

Lines on the road: what you can and cannot cross

Marking	Rule	What it means
Single broken white centre line	127	Cross only if the road is clear and you are overtaking or turning off. Longer lines with shorter gaps warn of a hazard ahead.
Double white lines, broken line on your side	128	You may cross to overtake if safe and you can finish before a solid line on your side. Arrows tell you to move back.
Double white lines, solid line on your side	129	You MUST NOT cross or straddle it, except to enter premises or a side road, to pass a stationary vehicle, or to overtake a cycle, horse or road maintenance vehicle doing 10 mph (16 km/h) or less, when safe.
Hatching with a broken border	130	Do not enter unless it is necessary and you can see it is safe.
Chevrons with a solid border	130	You MUST NOT enter, except in an emergency.
Short broken lane dividers	131	Keep between them.

Hatching often protects drivers waiting to turn right. Driving along it just to get past a queue is convenience, not necessity, and can put you exactly where a turning driver expects to be safe.

More markings with pictures: road markings guide.

Reflective studs (Rule 132)

• White: lane lines or the middle of the road
• Red: the left edge of the road
• Amber: next to the central reservation on a dual carriageway or motorway
• Green: the edge of the main carriageway at lay-bys and slip roads
• Green/yellow: temporary changes to lanes, such as at road works

Which lane should you be in?

First work out what kind of road it is. A dual carriageway has a central reservation separating the two directions; the number of lanes does not decide it. A wide road with three or four lanes and no reservation is a single carriageway, and its middle lanes may be shared with oncoming traffic.

Road	Rule	Lane to use
Two-lane dual carriageway	137	Left lane. Right lane only to overtake or turn right, then move back when safe.
Dual carriageway with three or more lanes	138	Middle or right lanes to overtake, then return to the middle and then the left lane when safe.
Three-lane single carriageway (no priority shown)	135	Middle lane only to overtake or turn right. You have no more right to it than a driver coming the other way. Do not use the right-hand lane.
Single carriageway with four or more lanes	136	Only the lanes signs or markings give you.
Climbing or crawler lane	139	Use it if you are slow or others want to pass. Watch for signs that it is ending, and plan to merge: reaching the end gives you no priority over traffic already in the next lane.
One-way street	143	Traffic MUST go the way the signs show. Left lane to go left, right lane to go right, the most suitable lane to go ahead. Pick early.

Motorway lanes have their own rules: see your first motorway drive.

How to change lanes safely (Rules 133 and 134)

1. Check your mirrors.
2. If needed, take a quick sideways glance into your blind spot, so you will not force anyone to change speed or course.
3. Signal when it is safe.
4. Move over when the lane is clear.

• Keep the check fresh. A mirror look taken well before the move may no longer describe what is beside you, for example a motorcyclist coming through slow traffic.
• A signal does not reserve the gap. If someone is already there, hold your lane and wait.
• Look ahead again after your sideways glance, in case the vehicle in front has slowed.
• Missed your lane? Carry on in the lane you are in and find another route. A late swerve across lines is far riskier than a wrong turn.

In congestion, do not change lanes unnecessarily. Merging in turn is recommended only at very low speeds, such as approaching road works or an incident, not at high speed. Full routine: mirror, signal, manoeuvre.

Bus lanes, cycle lanes and HOV lanes (Rules 140 to 142)

• Cycle lane with a solid white line: you MUST NOT drive or park in it during its hours of operation.
• Cycle lane with a broken white line: do not drive or park in it unless it is unavoidable.
• Any cycle lane: you MUST NOT park in it while waiting restrictions apply. Give way to cyclists in the lane, including those coming up behind you. Cyclists do not have to use cycle lanes.
• Bus lanes: follow the signs and markings on who may use it. Unless signs say otherwise, do not drive in a bus lane during its period of operation. You may enter one to stop, load or unload where that is not prohibited.
• HOV and other designated lanes: you MUST NOT use them during their operating times unless signs permit your vehicle. HOV lanes need at least the number of occupants shown.

Signs, times and fines: bus lanes and cycle lanes. Turning left across a bus or cycle lane, Rule 183 says give way to vehicles using it from either direction.

What the examiner looks for

DVSA’s test result guidance lists positioning and lane discipline faults such as:

• driving too close to the pavement or the centre of the road
• staying in the right-hand lane of a dual carriageway for no reason
• straddling lanes
• changing lanes on a roundabout or dual carriageway without checking mirrors effectively
• being in the wrong marked lane, or entering a bus lane when it is not allowed

Common questions

Can I cross a solid white line to overtake a cyclist?

Yes, if the cyclist is travelling at 10 mph or less and the road is clear (Rule 129). Give them plenty of room: see overtaking cyclists.

Can I drive in the hatched area in the middle of the road?

If it has a broken border, only when necessary and safe. If it is bordered by a solid white line, you MUST NOT enter it except in an emergency.

Can I stay in the middle lane of a three-lane dual carriageway?

On dual carriageways, Rule 138 says return to the middle and then the left lane once you have overtaken. On the test, staying in the right-hand lane of a dual carriageway for no reason is listed as a fault.

When can I use a bus lane?

Outside its operating times shown on the sign, or within them if the signs allow your vehicle. You may also enter one to stop, load or unload where that is not prohibited.

What do red studs on the road mean?

Red reflective studs mark the left edge of the road.

Back to the main guide: Learning to Drive in Great Britain. Related: overtaking rules.

Sources

• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders (103 to 158)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Using the road (159 to 203)” (gov.uk)
• DVSA, “Understanding your driving test result: Car driving test” (gov.uk)

Photo: Dominic Swain / Unsplash. Illustrative photograph.

In Great Britain, the Highway Code says you MUST use headlights when visibility is seriously reduced, generally when you cannot see for more than 100 metres (328 feet). You may also switch on fog lights then, but you MUST NOT use them unless visibility is seriously reduced, and you MUST switch them off when it improves. This guide covers every light on your car under Rules 113 to 116, 226, 236 and 248 to 252.

Which light, when: quick table

Light	Use it	Do not use it
Sidelights and rear number plate lights	MUST be lit between sunset and sunrise	As a substitute for headlights at night on unlit roads
Dipped headlights	At night in built-up areas; in dull daytime weather; MUST when visibility is seriously reduced	Never dazzle anyone
Full (main) beam	At night on unlit roads when it will not dazzle anyone	When it would dazzle oncoming drivers or other road users (Rules 114 and 115)
Front and rear fog lights	Only when visibility is seriously reduced, generally under 100 metres	MUST NOT use otherwise; MUST switch off when visibility improves
Hazard warning lights	When stationary, to warn you are temporarily obstructing traffic	MUST NOT use while driving, except on a motorway or unrestricted dual carriageway to warn of a hazard ahead

The legal minimum at night (Rule 113)

You MUST:

• keep sidelights and rear registration plate lights lit between sunset and sunrise
• use headlights at night, except on roads with lit street lights (these generally have a 30 mph limit, or 20 mph in Wales, unless signs say otherwise)
• use headlights when visibility is seriously reduced

“Night” here means from half an hour after sunset to half an hour before sunrise.

Dipped headlights and full beam (Rules 114 and 115)

• You MUST NOT use any lights in a way that dazzles or causes discomfort to other road users, including pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders.
• Use dipped headlights at night in built-up areas and in dull daytime weather, so others can see you.
• Overtaking at night: keep dipped until you are level with the vehicle, then switch to full beam if needed, unless that would dazzle oncoming traffic.
• Dazzled by oncoming lights: slow down and, if necessary, stop. Look towards the left edge of your lane rather than into the lamps, and never answer with your own full beam.
• Queuing traffic: once the traffic behind has stopped, apply the parking brake and take your foot off the footbrake so your brake lights do not glare at the driver behind.

A lit dashboard does not prove your headlights and rear lights are on. Many cars light the instruments and run daytime running lights automatically, while the rear of the car stays dark. Learn the switch positions and warning symbols in your own car while parked, so you are not searching for them on the move.

More on judging this in the dark: driving at night as a learner.

When to use fog lights in the UK (Rules 226, 234 to 236)

1. Visibility seriously reduced, generally when you cannot see for more than 100 metres: you MUST use headlights. You may add front or rear fog lights.
2. Before entering fog: check your mirrors, then slow down.
3. In fog: keep a safe distance and be able to stop well within the distance you can see clearly. Rear lights ahead can give a false sense of security. Watch for drivers not using headlights.
4. Also in fog (Rule 235): use your wipers and demisters, and do not speed up to escape a driver who is too close behind. Check your mirrors before slowing, then brake so your brake lights warn following traffic. At a junction with limited visibility, stop in the correct position and listen for traffic; when you are sure it is safe, emerge positively rather than waiting in the path of approaching vehicles.
5. When visibility improves: you MUST switch fog lights off. Rule 236 explains why: they dazzle other road users and can hide your brake lights.

Light rain or a dark evening is not a reason for fog lights. The test is whether visibility is seriously reduced. Weather in general: driving in rain, ice, fog, wind and heat.

Hazard warning lights while moving (Rule 116)

Hazard lights are for when you are stationary and temporarily obstructing traffic, for example after a breakdown. They do not make illegal or dangerous parking acceptable.

You MUST NOT use them while driving or being towed, with one exception: on a motorway or unrestricted dual carriageway you may use them briefly to warn drivers behind of a hazard or obstruction ahead. Use them only long enough for the warning to be seen. See what to do if your car breaks down.

Lights when parked at night (Rules 248 to 252)

• You MUST NOT park on a road at night facing against the traffic flow, unless in a recognised parking space.
• On a road or lay-by with a speed limit over 30 mph, all vehicles MUST show parking lights.
• On roads of 30 mph or less, cars may park without lights if they are at least 10 metres (32 feet) from a junction, close to the kerb and facing the direction of traffic, or in a recognised parking place or lay-by.
• In fog, avoid parking on the road. If you must, leave parking lights or sidelights on.

Full detail: parking at night and EV charging cables.

Lights on the driving test

Several vehicle safety questions on the practical test in Great Britain are about lights. “Tell me” questions include how you would check the headlights, tail lights and brake lights are working, how you would switch on the rear fog lights and when you would use them, and how you would switch from dipped to main beam and confirm main beam is on. One “show me” question asks you to switch on your dipped headlights while driving. Practise in the car you will use. See show me, tell me questions.

Common questions

Can I get in trouble for using fog lights when it is not foggy?

Rule 236 says you MUST NOT use front or rear fog lights unless visibility is seriously reduced. A MUST rule is a legal requirement.

What is the 100 metre rule for fog lights?

Rule 226 says you MUST use headlights when you generally cannot see for more than 100 metres. That is also when you may use fog lights.

Can I use hazard lights while driving?

Only on a motorway or unrestricted dual carriageway, briefly, to warn traffic behind of a hazard or obstruction ahead (Rule 116).

Do I need headlights on a lit street at night?

The legal duty to use headlights at night does not apply on roads with lit street lights, but Rule 115 says use dipped headlights at night in built-up areas.

Should I use dipped headlights in the day?

Yes, in dull daytime weather, so others can see you (Rule 115).

Can I use hazard lights to park on double yellow lines for a minute?

No. Rule 116 says never use them as an excuse for dangerous or illegal parking.

Back to the main guide: Learning to Drive in Great Britain. Related: signalling correctly, basic car maintenance.

Sources

• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders (103 to 158)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Driving in adverse weather conditions (226 to 237)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Waiting and parking (238 to 252)” (gov.uk)

Photo: Taiki Ishikawa / Unsplash. Illustrative photograph.

The Highway Code for Great Britain sets out how to use indicators, arm signals, flashing headlights and the horn in Rules 103 to 112. In short: signal in good time, only when it helps someone, and never to give orders or show anger. You MUST NOT sound your horn while stationary, or in a built-up area between 11.30 pm and 7.00 am, unless another road user poses a danger.

Key facts

• Signal before changing course or direction, stopping or moving off, and cancel the signal afterwards (Rule 103).
• A signal does not give you priority (Rule 103).
• Flash your headlights only to let other road users know you are there (Rule 110).
• Never treat someone else’s flashed headlights as an invitation to go (Rule 111).
• Horn: never while stationary, and not in a built-up area from 11.30 pm to 7.00 am, unless another road user poses a danger (Rule 112).

How to signal correctly (Rules 103 and 104)

1. Check first. Look in your mirrors and make sure your signal will not mislead anyone.
2. Time it. Signal in good time, but not too early. An early left signal can make others think you are turning into an earlier side road or stopping.
3. Use the right signal. Indicators for changes of course, brake lights for slowing, and an arm signal to reinforce an indicator if needed.
4. Cancel it. A signal left on after a turn misleads other road users.
5. Read other people’s signals with care. Rule 104 warns that another vehicle’s indicator may not have been cancelled. Wait until they actually start to turn.

What each signal means

These are the meanings given in the Highway Code section “Signals to other road users”.

Signal	Meaning
Right indicator	I intend to move out to the right or turn right
Left indicator	I intend to move in to the left or turn left or stop on the left
Brake lights	I am applying the brakes
Reversing lights	I intend to reverse
Hazard warning lights	I am temporarily obstructing traffic, or warning of a hazard or obstruction ahead (Rule 116)
Arm signal, right	I intend to move out to the right or turn right
Arm signal, left	I intend to move in to the left or turn left
Arm signal, slow or stop	I intend to slow down or stop

When would you use an arm signal?

The Highway Code says arm signals are for when indicators are not used, or to reinforce your indicators and brake lights. Cyclists and horse riders also use them, so you need to recognise them even if you never give one. The theory test can ask what each one means.

Flashing headlights (Rules 110 and 111)

• Flash your headlights only to let other road users know you are there.
• Do not flash them to send any other message, or to intimidate.
• If someone flashes at you, do not assume it means “go”. Use your own judgement and proceed carefully. They may be flashing at someone else, or by mistake.

Rule 195 adds that at a zebra crossing you should not wave, flash your lights or sound your horn to invite pedestrians across.

When can you use the horn? (Rule 112)

Situation	Allowed?
While moving, to warn others you are there	Yes
Aggressively, to show annoyance	No, never
While stationary on the road	MUST NOT, unless another road user poses a danger
Moving in a built-up area, 11.30 pm to 7.00 am	MUST NOT, unless another road user poses a danger

Rule 214 also says do not sound your horn near animals, and Rule 215 repeats this for horses. See passing horses safely.

Signals you MUST obey (Rules 105 to 109)

• Signals from police officers, traffic officers, traffic wardens and school crossing patrol signs.
• Police stopping you: pull over and stop as soon as it is safe, then switch off the engine.
• DVSA officers and traffic officers using flashing amber lights: you MUST obey their signals.
• All traffic light signals and traffic signs giving orders, including temporary ones.

Detail: signals by police, traffic officers and crossing patrols and Highway Code light signals.

What the examiner looks for

DVSA marks signals on whether they were needed, correct and well timed. Faults it gives as examples:

• signalling and then not turning
• signalling right at a roundabout when going ahead
• signalling too late to be useful
• checking mirrors after or at the same time as signalling, rather than before

The fix is the mirrors, signal, manoeuvre routine: see mirror, signal, manoeuvre explained. For roundabout signals, see roundabouts and the Highway Code.

Common questions

Do I always have to signal on the driving test?

DVSA assesses whether each signal was necessary, correct and well timed, so think about who it is for. Checking your mirrors before any change of speed or direction is always expected. If in doubt, ask your instructor how examiners treat signalling on your local routes.

Is it illegal to flash your headlights to let someone out?

The Highway Code says flash your headlights only to let others know you are there, and not to convey any other message. Doing it to invite someone out goes against Rule 110 and could mislead another road user.

What time can you not use your horn in the UK?

In Great Britain, from 11.30 pm to 7.00 am when driving in a built-up area, unless another road user poses a danger. You must not use it while stationary at any time, with the same exception.

Does signalling give me right of way?

No. Rule 103 says a signal does not give you priority.

Do I need to know arm signals for the theory test?

You should recognise them: they are in the Highway Code and cyclists and horse riders use them.

Back to the main guide: Learning to Drive in Great Britain. Related: using your car lights.

Sources

• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders (103 to 158)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Signals to other road users” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Using the road (159 to 203)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Road users requiring extra care (204 to 225)” (gov.uk)
• DVSA, “Understanding your driving test result: Car driving test” (gov.uk)

Photo: https://kaboompics.com/ / Pexels. Illustrative photograph.

In Great Britain you must be fit to drive every time you get behind the wheel, and you must tell the DVLA about any health condition likely to affect your driving. Not telling the DVLA about a condition that affects your driving can mean a fine of up to £1,000, and you may be prosecuted if you have an accident as a result. This guide covers Highway Code Rules 90 to 94 (fitness, tiredness and eyesight), which conditions need reporting, and how learners declare a condition.

Key facts (as of November 2026)

• Rule 90: you MUST report to the DVLA any health condition likely to affect your driving.
• Fine: up to £1,000 for not telling the DVLA about a condition that affects your driving. You may also be prosecuted if you are involved in an accident as a result.
• When you apply: you declare notifiable conditions on the licence application form, including a first provisional licence, so you do not need to contact the DVLA separately.
• Northern Ireland: report to the Driver and Vehicle Agency (DVA), not the DVLA.

Which medical conditions do you have to tell the DVLA about?

GOV.UK describes a notifiable condition as anything that could affect your ability to drive safely. Its examples include:

• diabetes or taking insulin
• syncope (fainting)
• heart conditions, including atrial fibrillation and pacemakers
• sleep apnoea
• epilepsy
• strokes
• glaucoma

You must also tell the DVLA if a condition or disability you already reported has got worse since you got your licence.

Conditions young drivers often ask about

The rule for car licence holders varies by condition. GOV.UK has an A to Z list, and each entry links to its own guidance. A few examples:

Condition	When a car driver must tell the DVLA
Epilepsy or seizures	If you have had any epileptic seizures or blackouts. You must stop driving straight away.
Diabetes	If insulin treatment lasts, or is expected to last, more than 3 months; or if you have disabling hypoglycaemia or have been told you are at risk of it. On tablets or non-insulin injections, ask your doctor or nurse. Diet-controlled only: no need to tell the DVLA.
ADHD	If the condition or its medication affects your ability to drive safely.
Anxiety	If it affects your ability to drive safely.
Blackouts or fainting	If the condition affects your driving. Ask your doctor if you are unsure.

If your condition is not on the A to Z and you cannot use the online service, contact the DVLA. If you are unsure whether a condition affects your driving, ask your doctor.

How to tell the DVLA

1. Find your condition on the GOV.UK A to Z list (“Check if a health condition affects your driving”).
2. Car and motorcycle licence holders can report online through the same service.
3. Or send the paper form for your condition. GOV.UK names, for example, form A1 for ADHD, M1 for anxiety and DIAB1 for some diabetes treatments. The address is on each form.
4. The DVLA then decides whether you can keep, or be given, a licence.

If you are applying for your first provisional licence, the form asks about medical conditions. Answer it honestly there.

When you must give up your licence

You must surrender your licence to the DVLA if:

• your doctor tells you to stop driving for 3 months or more
• your condition affects your ability to drive safely and lasts 3 months or more
• you do not meet the required driving standards because of your condition

You can apply to get your licence back when you meet the medical standards again.

Tiredness: what Rule 91 says

Driving tired greatly increases your risk of a collision. Rule 91 advises you to:

• not begin a journey if you are tired, and get enough sleep before a long journey
• avoid long journeys between midnight and 6 am, when natural alertness is lowest
• plan breaks: a minimum of 15 minutes after every two hours of driving is recommended
• if you feel sleepy, stop in a safe place, but not in an emergency area or on a motorway hard shoulder

The two-hour figure is a planning guide, not a promise that you will stay alert that long. Learners often tire much sooner on unfamiliar or busy roads. For a longer practice drive:

• build a real stopping place into the route, such as services or a car park
• agree that either you or your supervisor can end the session early without argument
• treat missed signs, drifting in the lane or not remembering the last few miles as a cue to stop, not to concentrate harder
• do not rely on loud music or an open window to keep you going

Eyesight, glare and tinted lenses (Rules 92 to 94)

• Rule 92: you MUST be able to read a number plate in good daylight from 20 metres (20.5 metres for an old-style plate), wearing glasses or contact lenses if you need them. Police can ask you to take an eyesight test. Full detail: driving eyesight rules.
• Rule 93: slow down, and stop if necessary, if you are dazzled by bright sunlight.
• Rule 94: do not wear tinted glasses, lenses or visors at night or in poor visibility if they restrict your vision.

Medicines and drugs

Rule 96 says you MUST NOT drive under the influence of drugs or medicine. Check with your doctor or pharmacist and do not drive if you are told you may be impaired. Certain medicines have legal blood limits. If you are over a limit only because you were prescribed a high dose, there is a statutory medical defence, provided your driving was not impaired. Limits and penalties are in the drink and drug driving guide.

Scenarios

You are 17, on insulin, and applying for a provisional licence. Insulin expected to last more than 3 months is notifiable, so declare it on the application. The DVLA will decide on your licence.

You fainted once after giving blood. GOV.UK says to tell the DVLA if a condition affects your driving, and to ask your doctor if you are not sure. Do that before assuming either way.

You had a seizure for the first time. Stop driving straight away and tell the DVLA. GOV.UK says your licence will be taken away after a first seizure while awake with loss of consciousness, and explains when you can reapply.

Common questions

How much is the fine for not telling the DVLA about a medical condition?

Up to £1,000, as of November 2026. You may also be prosecuted if you are involved in an accident as a result.

Do I need to tell the DVLA about ADHD or anxiety?

Only if the condition, or for ADHD its medication, affects your ability to drive safely. If you are unsure, ask your doctor.

Do learner drivers have to declare medical conditions?

Yes. The provisional licence application asks about notifiable conditions. The duty in Rule 90 applies to anyone driving.

Does a broken arm or leg need reporting?

Broken limbs have their own entry on the GOV.UK A to Z list. Check that guidance for your situation.

I live in Northern Ireland. Who do I tell?

The Driver and Vehicle Agency (DVA), not the DVLA.

Will telling the DVLA mean I lose my licence?

Not necessarily. The DVLA decides case by case whether you can keep your licence.

Back to the main guide: Learning to Drive in Great Britain. Related: before you drive checks, the road user and the law, driving at night.

Sources

• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Rules for drivers and motorcyclists (89 to 102)” (gov.uk)
• GOV.UK, “Medical conditions, disabilities and driving” (gov.uk)
• GOV.UK, “Check if a health condition affects your driving” and its A to Z list (gov.uk)
• GOV.UK, “Epilepsy and driving” (gov.uk)
• GOV.UK, “Diabetes and driving” (gov.uk)
• GOV.UK, “ADHD and driving” (gov.uk)
• GOV.UK, “Anxiety and driving” (gov.uk)
• GOV.UK, “Blackouts and driving” (gov.uk)

Photo: Max W / Pexels. Illustrative photograph.

Rules 1 to 35 of the Highway Code are written for pedestrians, but they matter to learner drivers in Great Britain because they tell you what people on foot are told to do, and where they are likely to step out. The rule that most affects drivers is Rule 8: a pedestrian who has started crossing at a junction has priority over traffic turning in. This guide sums up all 35 rules from the driver’s seat and points out what to expect on the road.

Key facts

• The pedestrian rules sit in four groups: general guidance (1 to 6), crossing the road (7 to 17), crossings (18 to 30) and situations needing extra care (31 to 35).
• Rule 8 gives a pedestrian who has started crossing at a junction priority over turning traffic. Rule 170 and Rule H2 tell drivers to give way to people crossing or waiting to cross the road they are turning into or out of.
• Rule 7 is the Green Cross Code.
• Pedestrians MUST NOT be on motorways or slip roads except in an emergency (Rule 6).

Rule 8: priority for pedestrians at junctions

Rule 8 tells pedestrians to watch for traffic turning into the road, especially from behind them. If a pedestrian has started crossing and traffic wants to turn into the road, the pedestrian has priority. For you as a driver, two rules set out the other side of this:

• Rule 170: give way to pedestrians crossing or waiting to cross a road you are turning into or out of. If they have already started crossing, they have priority.
• Rule H2: the same duty, introduced with the hierarchy of road users. See Rules H1, H2 and H3 explained.

In practice, slow early on the approach to a side road and look into it before you turn. Someone stepping off the kerb as you start to turn is a reason to stop, not to speed up.

The Green Cross Code (Rule 7) and what it means for drivers

1. Find a safe place to cross, ideally a crossing.
2. Stop just before the kerb.
3. Look and listen all around for traffic.
4. Let traffic pass and wait for a safe gap.
5. Walk straight across, keep looking and listening, and do not run.

Many people do not follow it perfectly, and children often cannot. Rule 14 tells pedestrians crossing between parked cars to use the outer edge of the vehicles as the kerb, so expect people to appear from the gap between parked cars and pause at the line of their bumpers. The same rule tells them never to cross in front of or behind a vehicle with its engine running, especially a large one, because the driver may not see them. Rule 15 tells them never to cross behind a reversing vehicle, but you still need to check all around before you reverse.

Where pedestrians walk, and why you should expect them in the road

Rule	What pedestrians are told	What to expect as a driver
1	Use the pavement, avoid walking next to the kerb with their back to traffic	People close to the kerb may not see you coming from behind
2	Where there is no pavement, walk on the right facing traffic, in single file; cross before a sharp right-hand bend	On country lanes, walkers on your side of the road and people crossing near bends
3 and 17	Wear bright clothing by day and reflective material at night; cross near a street light	Many will not, so use dipped headlights and keep your speed down in the dark
4	Keep young children between the adult and the traffic	Children are small and hard to see beside parked cars
5	Large organised groups keep to the left, with lookouts and lights after dark	Groups walking in the road on lanes at night
9	Where there are pedestrian safety barriers, cross only at the gaps left for pedestrians, and never climb over them or walk between them and the road	Expect people to step out at the gaps in the railings, so watch those points closely
10	Tactile paving: raised studs mark crossing points at dropped kerbs, and rounded raised bars mark level crossings, the top and bottom of steps and other hazards, for blind and partially sighted people	Studded paving at a dropped kerb tells you someone may cross there. Expect a blind or partially sighted person to step out at that point, and give them time to cross
11 and 12	Check which way traffic flows in one-way streets; take care at bus and cycle lanes, which may run against the flow	Pedestrians may look the wrong way before stepping out
13	Some routes are shared with cyclists. They may be split by a kerb, verge, change of surface or white line, or have no separation at all, so walkers and cyclists use the same space	Where a shared path or cycle track meets the road at a side road or driveway, look for cyclists and pedestrians coming off it together, and at different speeds
16	Pedestrians MUST NOT get onto or hold onto a moving vehicle	If someone grabs your car or tries to climb on, stop safely rather than drive on
35	Pavements may be closed for repairs, and people directed into the road	Pedestrians walking in the carriageway at road works

For country roads, Rule 206 tells drivers to slow down, be ready to stop and leave plenty of room for pedestrians on narrow rural roads without a footway. More on this in learning to drive on rural roads.

Crossings: Rules 18 to 30 in brief

These rules tell pedestrians how to use each crossing. The driver rules for the same crossings (191 to 199) are covered in full in the pedestrian crossings guide. The points that change how you drive:

• Rule 19: pedestrians are told to watch for vehicles overtaking a car that has stopped at a zebra. Rule 191 says you MUST NOT overtake the vehicle nearest the crossing.
• Rule 21: at traffic lights, pedestrians should start crossing only when the green figure shows. Where there are no pedestrian signals, they wait until the lights are red and traffic has stopped, and they are told to watch for traffic turning the corner. When your light turns green, people may still be finishing their crossing, so give way to them.
• Rules 20 and 28: a zebra with a central island, and a staggered crossing, count as two separate crossings.
• Rule 22: at a pelican, people should not start crossing on a flashing green figure, but anyone already on the crossing may still be finishing. This is when you see the flashing amber.
• Rule 24: in congested traffic, vehicles on the pedestrian’s side may stop while the lights are green. Do not wave people across from a queue.
• Rule 26: some crossings have bleeps, a voice or tactile signals for blind, partially sighted or deafblind people.
• Rule 29: pedestrians cross when a police officer, traffic warden or school crossing patrol signals them. You MUST stop for a school crossing patrol showing a “Stop for children” sign (Rule 210).
• Rule 30: where there is no crossing, people use a central island and cross each half separately.

Situations needing extra care (Rules 31 to 35)

Rule	Situation	Driver tip
31	Emergency vehicles: pedestrians are told to keep off the road	People may still be mid-crossing when you pull over for an ambulance
32	Buses: board or leave only when the bus has stopped; never cross in front of or behind it	Watch for people stepping out around a stopped bus. Rule 223 asks you to watch for people getting off a bus or tram and crossing
33	Trams may run through pedestrian areas	See driving alongside trams
34	Level crossings: never cross on red lights, an alarm or lowering barriers	See level crossings explained
35	Street repairs close the pavement	Drive slowly through road works where people may be in the road

What the examiner looks for

On the driving test in Great Britain, DVSA assesses how you deal with pedestrian crossings. Faults it lists include stopping on a crossing rather than before it, moving off before a pedestrian has fully cleared it, approaching too fast and failing to stop. For junctions, see road junctions explained and top reasons people fail.

Common questions

Do I have to stop for someone waiting to cross a side road I am turning into?

The Highway Code says you should give way to pedestrians crossing or waiting to cross a road you are turning into or out of (Rule 170 and Rule H2). If they have already started crossing, they have priority.

What is Rule 8 of the Highway Code?

Rule 8 covers pedestrians crossing at junctions. It tells them to watch for traffic turning in, especially from behind, and says that if they have started crossing, they have priority over turning traffic.

Which side of the road should pedestrians walk on with no pavement?

Rule 2 says walk on the right-hand side, facing oncoming traffic, so on many lanes walkers will be on your side of the road coming towards you.

Can pedestrians walk on a motorway?

No. Rule 6 says pedestrians MUST NOT be on motorways or slip roads except in an emergency, such as after a breakdown.

Should I wave a pedestrian across?

No. Rule 195 tells drivers not to wave or flash lights to invite people across at a zebra, because another vehicle may be coming. Rule 111 also warns that flashing headlights are not an invitation to proceed.

Are the pedestrian rules on the theory test?

Yes. Questions on pedestrians come under the vulnerable road users topic. See the vulnerable road users topic guide.

Back to the main guide: Learning to Drive in Great Britain. Related: road users requiring extra care.

Sources

• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Rules for pedestrians (1 to 35)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Using the road (159 to 203)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Road users requiring extra care (204 to 225)” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders (103 to 158)” (gov.uk)
• DVSA, “Understanding your driving test result: Car driving test” (gov.uk)

Photo: Mike Bird / Pexels. Illustrative photograph.

Private practice with a parent, relative or friend is where many learners build the extra hours that get them to test standard. To supervise a learner driver in Great Britain you must be at least 21, qualified to drive that type of car, have held a full licence for at least 3 years, and not be banned. You also have to stay under the drink drive limit, keep your hands off your phone and take no payment. This guide covers the legal rules for supervisors in England, Scotland and Wales, and how to use each session to get the learner ready to pass.

Can you supervise? The legal checklist

• Aged 21 or over.
• Qualified to drive the type of vehicle. To supervise in a manual car you need a manual licence.
• Held a full licence for at least 3 years. A licence from the UK, the EU, Switzerland, Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein counts.
• Not banned from driving.
• Unpaid. Taking any money, including for fuel, is illegal. Only approved driving instructors (ADIs) and trainee instructors can be paid.

Some insurers also require the supervisor to be over 25. That is an insurer rule, not the law, so check your policy.

What the learner needs before every practice drive

Requirement	Detail
Provisional licence	A valid provisional licence for a car. See provisional licence rules.
Eyesight	Must meet the minimum eyesight standard. See driving eyesight rules.
L plates	Red L plates on the front and back (D plates or L plates in Wales). Remove or cover them when a full licence holder drives.
Insurance	Cover for a learner driving that car (see below).
Roadworthy, taxed car	The car needs road tax and, if over 3 years old, an MOT. See car documents explained.

Insurance for practice drives

Whose car?	What the learner needs
Your car (the supervisor’s)	Named as a learner driver on your policy, or their own learner driver policy for your car. A claim on your policy may affect your no claims discount.
The learner’s own car	They must be the registered keeper and have their own learner policy. The supervisor is usually covered by it.
Someone else’s car	The owner’s policy covering them as a learner, or their own learner policy for that car.

Without insurance the learner can get an unlimited fine, a driving ban and up to 8 penalty points.

Five things a supervisor must not do

• Drink: you must not be over the legal alcohol limit. GOV.UK advises not drinking at all before supervising. The limit is lower in Scotland. See drink and drug driving limits.
• Drugs or medicine: don’t supervise if you are under the influence, or with illegal drugs or certain medicines in your blood above the specified limits.
• Phone: you must not hold and use a phone, sat nav or tablet for any reason while supervising. That includes calls, texts, photos and browsing. See phone and sat nav law.
• Motorways: it is illegal for a learner to drive on a motorway with family or friends. Learners can only use motorways with an ADI in a dual-control car. See learners and motorways.
• Take payment: not even petrol money.

A learner who drives without proper supervision can be fined up to £1,000 and get up to 6 penalty points on their provisional licence. Those points stay with them after they pass the test, so they count towards the New Drivers Act 6 point limit.

Supervising safely from the passenger seat

• Sit in the front passenger seat. You are in charge of the car, even though the learner is driving.
• Look and think further ahead than you normally would, so you spot hazards early.
• Give clear, calm directions in good time: “at the next junction, turn left”, not “left here”.
• In a dangerous situation, speak firmly. If needed, take hold of the wheel, use dual controls if fitted, and use the handbrake as a last resort.
• Reschedule if either of you is angry, stressed, upset or tired.
• Extra passengers are allowed if they don’t distract the learner. The learner is responsible for children under 14 using a seat belt or child restraint.

GOV.UK also recommends fitting an extra rear-view mirror for the supervisor.

Turning practice into test readiness

1. Ask the learner’s instructor what to work on. Practise the same skills in the same way, so you don’t undo their lessons or build habits the examiner will mark as faults.
2. Start on quiet roads and build up to busier ones, junctions, roundabouts, rural roads and night driving.
3. Record each session. GOV.UK offers a form you can download for this, and the learner should show the record to their instructor at the next lesson.
4. Use DVSA’s top fault list as a checklist on every drive. See top reasons people fail the driving test.
5. Nearer test day, cover the test elements: the reversing exercises, pulling up on the right, a hill start, and a stretch of independent driving where you only give directions. Ask “show me, tell me” questions before you set off.
6. Finish with a full mock: about 35 minutes, no help, faults tallied the examiner’s way. The pass standard is no more than 15 driving faults and no serious or dangerous faults. Motorway practice is the one gap you cannot fill; that has to be with an ADI.

Scenario: can Dad take Amy out for test practice tonight?

Dad is 46, has a full manual licence held for 20 years and had one pint with dinner. Amy has a provisional licence and is named on Dad’s insurance as a learner.

• Age, licence and insurance: all fine.
• Alcohol: the rule is that he must not be over the limit, and GOV.UK’s advice is not to drink at all before supervising. The safe call is to wait until tomorrow.
• If they go: L plates on, Dad’s phone away, no motorway, and log the session afterwards.

Common questions

Can my 20-year-old brother supervise me?

No. The supervisor must be at least 21 and have held a full licence for at least 3 years.

Can an automatic-only licence holder supervise in a manual car?

No. The supervisor must be qualified to drive the type of car the learner is in. An automatic licence holder can supervise in an automatic.

Can I give my supervisor petrol money?

No. Accepting any payment for supervising, including fuel money, is illegal unless the supervisor is an ADI or trainee instructor.

Does my supervisor need to be on the insurance?

It is the learner who must be insured to drive. If the learner has their own learner policy, the supervisor is usually covered by it. Check the policy wording.

Can I drive on the motorway with my parent?

No. In Great Britain learners can only drive on motorways with an approved driving instructor in a car with dual controls.

Can friends sit in the back while I practise?

Yes, as long as they don’t distract you. You are responsible for under-14s being properly belted or in a child seat.

Are the rules different in Northern Ireland?

Yes in places. Northern Ireland learners also have the GDL logbook, which a supervising driver can sign off. See the GDL logbook app and learning to drive in Northern Ireland.

Looking for lessons or an instructor? Our sister site Compare Driving Instructors covers lesson prices and choosing an instructor.

Main guide: Learning to drive in Great Britain.

Sources

• DVSA, “Driving lessons and learning to drive: Practising with family or friends” (gov.uk)
• DVSA, “Supervise a learner driver” (gov.uk)
• Department for Transport, “The Highway Code: Annex 3. Motor vehicle documentation and learner driver requirements” (gov.uk)